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Whereas the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world; whereas failure to recognise and respect human rights has resulted in acts of barbarism which outrage the conscience of mankind; and whereas it has been proclaimed that a world in which men enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want is the highest aspiration of mankind Whereas it is necessary to protect human rights by the rule of law so that man shall not be compelled to resort to insurrection against tyranny and oppression as a last resort; whereas it is necessary to promote the development of friendly relations among nations; whereas the peoples of the United Nations have reaffirmed and adopted in the Charter their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women to promote social progress and better conditions of life in larger freedom, Member States having pledged themselves to work with the United Nations for universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, a common understanding of these rights and freedoms being of the utmost importance for the full fulfilment of this obligation, the General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the common ideal to be achieved by all peoples and nations, that each individual and all institutions of society may keep this Declaration constantly in mind and endeavour, through teaching and education, to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and, through progressive national and international action, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance by the peoples of member States themselves and by the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, legal or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether independent, trusteeship, non-self-governing or otherwise limited in its sovereignty.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Everyone has the right to be recognised everywhere as having legal capacity.
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without distinction to equal protection of the law. Everyone is entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the Constitution or by law.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or expulsion.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. No one may be convicted of an act or omission that was not punishable under national or international law at the time it was committed. Similarly, no more severe penalty may be imposed than the penalty threatened at the time the offence was committed.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to legal protection against such interference or impairment.
Everyone has the right to move freely within the country and to choose his residence freely. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. This right shall not be invoked in the case of persecution actually resulting from crimes of a non-political character or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Women and men of marriageable age, without any restriction due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They shall have equal rights at the time of marriage, during marriage and upon its dissolution. A marriage may only be entered into with the free and unrestricted consent of the future spouses. The family is the natural basic unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
Everyone has the right to own property both alone and in community with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No one shall be compelled to belong to an association.
Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right of equal access to public office in his country. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic, genuine, universal and equal elections by secret ballot or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to the enjoyment, through national measures and international co-operation and in accordance with the organisation and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without distinction, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, supplemented where necessary by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions to protect his or her interests.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure and, in particular, to reasonable limitation of working hours and to periodic holidays with pay.
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood through no fault of his own. Mothers and children are entitled to special care and support. All children, both legitimate and illegitimate, enjoy the same social protection.
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least primary education and basic education. Primary education shall be compulsory. Technical and vocational education shall be made generally available, and higher education shall be equally accessible to all according to ability. Education must be directed towards the full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It must contribute to understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial or religious groups and be conducive to the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Parents have a primary right to choose the type of education to be given to their children.
Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests which accrue to him as author of scientific, literary or artistic works.
Everyone has the right to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realised.
Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. These rights and freedoms shall in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Nothing in this Declaration shall be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the elimination of any of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration.